Definition & Clinical Appearance
Crohn’s disease, also known as regional ileitis, is a chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall, most commonly in the final portion of the small intestine or the colon. Less often, the upper digestive tract may also be affected. The inflammation involves deep layers of the intestinal wall, where ulcers and abscesses may form. The ulcers may erode the wall completely, creating abnormal passages (fistulas) to other parts of the intestine, to other organs such as the bladder, or to the skin. Deep cracks (fissures) may also develop in and around the anus. Inflammation may thicken the intestinal wall until the passageway becomes blocked. Symptoms of Crohn’s disease appear during flare-ups, which alternate with periods of remission. Some people suffer only one to two attacks before entering into permanent remission, others experience recurrent attacks over a lifetime. Crohn’s disease is relatively rare, but the incidence among the general population has been increasing in recent decades.
Signs and Symptoms
• Spasms of abdominal pain or cramps, often located near the navel or in the lower right abdomen.
• Persistent watery diarrhea.
• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
• Anal fissures.
• Nausea.
• Fever Fatigue.
• Loss of appetite and weight.
• Systemic complications such as joint pain from arthritis, inflammation of the eyes, and skin lesions.
Aetiology
The cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown. Hereditary factors seem to play some role in the development of the disorder. Various theories suggest these possible causes: Viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, food allergies, or lymphatic obstruction.
Contributing Factors
Certain foods aggrivate the disorder and can cause a flare up. Location Colon – small intestine
Prophylaxis / Prevention
At present there is no known way to prevent Chron’s disease, however, there are various medications that can keep the patient symptom free.
Medical Treatment
For mild attacks, over the counter antidiarrheal medications and pain relievers may be taken. Anti-inflammatory medications, such as sulfasalazine or corticosteroids, may be recommended. Antibiotics may be prescribed to suppress secondary infections. Enemas containing corticosteroids or aspirin-like drugs may be used to treat internal inflammation. Immunosuppressive drugs may be prescribed on a long-term basis to quell autoimmune activity. Dietary changes, vitamin or mineral supplements, or vitamin b12 injections, to replace nutrients lost from poor bowel absorption, may be advised. In some extremely severe attacks, intravenous feeding may be necessary to allow the bowel to rest. Surgery may be required to repair blockages, fistulas, or abscesses in the rectum or intestine. In advanced, long-standing cases of Crohn’s disease, the damaged portion of the bowel may be removed.